As the snow sports of the 24th Winter Olympic Games are going to be held in Zhangjiakou, Hebei province, China, prevention and control of plague, an important part of the health security of the Winter Olympic Games, is carried out before the Winter Olympic Games, reserving control techniques, emergency training, emergency goods and materials, technicians' knowledge, and treatment institutions, so as to ensure no occurrence of plague during the sport event, and smooth holding of the Winter Olympic Games.

In recent years, a lot of research on anticoagulant rodenticide resistance, conducted by scholars at home and abroad, show that continuous use of anticoagulant rodenticides for 6 to 10 years will lead to rodenticide resistance in rodents. Rodenticide resistance can be effectively controlled by active resistance monitoring, scientific and rational use of drugs, cautious replacement of anticoagulant rodenticides, and integrated management and scientific rodent control. This paper summarizes the commonly used research methods and detection standards for anticoagulant rodenticide resistance at present, analyzes the cause of resistance, and discusses the current problems and shortcomings in the research on anticoagulant rodenticide resistance. Then management strategies and measures for anticoagulant rodenticide resistance are proposed to provide a reference for scientific rodent control.

Objective To establish a plague risk assessment system in Hebei province and surrounding areas, and to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control of plague. Methods The past data and research findings of plague prevention and control in Hebei province and surrounding areas were organized. The Delphi method was used to determine plague risk factors and their weight. A risk assessment index system was established. Non-parametric Kendall coordination coefficient W test was used for testing the consistency of expert opinions. Results A total of 17 experts participated in two rounds of consultation. The questionnaire recovery rates were 94.12% and 100%, respectively. A plague risk assessment system of Hebei province and surrounding areas, including 7 primary and 40 secondary indicators, was finally established after two rounds of Delphi expert questionnaire survey. The experts' familiarity with the indicators was scored as 0.888 9 with a standard deviation of 0.657 5. The expert authority index was 0.885 1. Experts were familiar with the indicators and presented an authoritative study. In the two rounds of expert consultation, the Kendall's coefficient of concordance test indicated significant necessity of the primary and secondary indicators and significant availability of the secondary indicators; expert opinions were well coordinated (all P<0.05). Conclusion The system established in this study meets the requirements of plague risk assessment in Hebei province and surrounding areas, which can provide technical support for prevention and control of plague.

Objective To explore the handling experience in the animal plague epidemic area in Hebei province, China. Methods Based on the main measure rat and flea control in the animal plague epidemic area of Hebei province from 2017 to 2018, the handling effectiveness and significance were summarized and analyzed. Results A total of 350.0 kg poisonous rodent bait and 2 495.6 kg deratization fumigant were dropped in the animal epidemic area of Hebei province. The examined rodent density in the epidemic area was 0 inds/hm ². The animal plague epidemic was effectively controlled and did not affect humans. Conclusion The integrated measure based on rat and flea control can effectively control and prevent the human plague risk in the animal plague epidemic area in Hebei province, China.

At the initial stage of epidemics, the bacteria of plague natural foci were more virulent, nitrogen removal was stable, and the plasmid species were relatively complete and stable. But at the end of the epidemic, the virulence of the plague was weaker, nitrogen removal was not stable, and plasmids tended to be absent. There were great differences in the morphology of plague bacteria in nature. Biological, biochemical, plasmid and virulence of Yersinia pestis were investigated in Hebei province, China. The mechanism of the existence of plague was revealed in some way.

Plague is an enzootic infectious disease. The rodent animals are primary reservoir hosts of plague. There are 223 kinds of animal which have been found to be infected with plague in nature. Plague-tolerant animals which can be naturally infected with plague without symptoms serve as plague-indicators. These animals also play a very important role in the spread of the plague. The research of plague-indicating animals was reviewed in this paper which provides scientific basis for plague prevention and control in China.

Objective To identify the arbovirus strain QH07130 isolated from Culex modestus collected in Qinghai province, China. Methods The virus QH07130 was identified by serological and molecular biological methods, and phylogenetic analysis of this virus was performed. Results QH07130 propagated in C6/36 cells and caused significant cytopathic effects. As shown by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), QH07130 reacted with the monoclonal antibodies against Liaoning virus (LNV). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that QH07130 was a virus with 12 double-stranded RNA segments, which was in accordance with the 6-5-1 banding pattern of LNV. Sequence analysis of the 10th segment of QH07130 revealed that the sequence length was 844 bp, and its nucleotide homologies with LNV SX0771 and NE9712 amounted 99.5% and 98.0%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that QH07130 was located in the same evolutionary branch with LNV and had the closest revolutionary relationship with LNV SX0771 and NE9712. QH07130 was identified as LNV. Conclusion LNV is transmitted by mosquitoes in Qinghai province. And QH07130 is the first strain of LNV isolated in Qinghai province.

Objective To investigate the species, composition and infection with Yersinia pestis of parasitical fleas on Myospalax aspalax bodies and their role in the epidemic of rodent plague in Hebei province, providing a scientific basis for the better control of rodent plague. Methods Parasitical fleas on the bodies of M. aspalax were collected and classified with Y. pestis isolated. Results Nine species of fleas belonging to 7 genera and 3 families were found in the present study. No Y. pestis was isolated from the 111 M. aspalax and the cultures of 715 fleas in 68 groups by microbiological tests, with the Y. pestis specific antibody negative in 88 serum samples from M. aspalax. Conclusion There are a great number of fleas on the body of M. aspalax that can be infected with Y. pestis naturally, with Amphipsylla daea being the dominant parasitical flea, which may be involved in plague epidemics.

North to Torrid Zone, Hainan province has favorable natural conditions to arthropod reproduction and the spread of arboviruses, as evidenced by several outbreaks of dengue fever and endemic Japanese encephalitis (JE). Arboviruses, including four alphaviruses (Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Getah virus, Ross River virus), two flaviviruses (JE virus and Dengue virus) and one seadornavirus, have been isolated from various vectors and host animals in this province. This article reviews current studies on arboviruses and arboviral infections to humans and livestocks, in order to inform prevention and control both locally and nationwide.

Objective To identify palatable baits for Myospalax aspalax for the basis of poisonous baits during the pairing season. Methods M. aspalax were fed with different baits such as carrots, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corns, peanuts and naked oats in laboratory for comparison of palatability. Results The palatability index of carrots to potatoes, sweet potatoes, corns, peanuts and naked oats were 0.65, 0.36, 0.39, 0.25 and 0.44 when feeding alone, and 0.50, 0.90, 0.01, 0.21 and 0.13 when group feeding, respectively. Carrots were the best bait, followed by potatoes and sweet potatoes, while corns, peanuts and naked oats were of poor palatability. Conclusion Carrots, potatoes and sweet potatoes are good ingredients for the preparation of poisonous baits for killing M. aspalax.

Objective To evaluate the killing effect of aluminum phosphide and bromadiolone bait on Spermophilus dauricus, and compare the two agents in terms of their killing effect on rodents. Methods All rat holes in the experimental area were plugged before the experiment. Based on calculation of the effective holes the next day, rodentcidal agents were put in the holes, with protection zones set up between and around each of the plots. Results The killing effect of aluminum phosphide was good each month of the study, with maximum corrected efficacy rate greater than 90%. The killing effect of 0.005% bromadiolone bait was better in May to June than in July to September, with the corrected efficacy rates being more than 90% and less than 75%, respectively. Conclusion Aluminum phosphide has a strong killing effect on S. dauricus the entire active season, while 0.005% bromadiolone bait shows good efficacy against the rodent only in May and June.

【Abstract】 Carry out the plague prevention and control measures, increase the emergency handing ability of professionals, prevent and control effectively the occurrence of plague and assure the public health security of country according to the epidemic situation of plague in Hebei province trend and its geographic position by making the plague integrated control measure, publicizing the knowledge of killing rats, the evaluation of control efficacy, professionals training and actual simulated training.

Objective To understand the species,composition and seasonal fluctuation of parasitical fleas of Citellus dauricus in Hebei plague natural foci.Methods To collect fleas from living Citellus dauricus and its nest from 1971 to 2001.The rats and nests were placed in the fuming-mouse tank.The rats and fleas were fumed to death in aether or petrol,and then the fleas were collected.Every hole of Citellus dauricus was prospected three times with wrapping-flannel rubber stick for gathering parasitical fleas.Then the fleas were identified.Results 14 species of 9 genera of 3 families of parasitical fleas were recognized from Citellus dauricus.The Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus was dominant species of the parasitical fleas,and then Frontopsylla luculenta and Neopsylla bidentatiformis.The rates of infecting fleas and the flae indices were very different each year,and without obvious regulation.But they were higher in last year of prevalent of rodent plague.The rates of infecting nest fleas was highest in July,and flea indices have a peak in May.The highest infecting flea rates and flea indices of body fleas and hole fleas were found in April and May.Conclusion It is made clear that the species,composition and seasonal fluctuation of parasitical fleas of Citellus dauricus in Hebei plague natural foci.It provide scientific basis for further studying the prevalence factors of rodent plague and plague natural foci in Hebei province.

Objective To investigate the species and composing of parasitical fleas of Allactaga sibirica in plague natural foci of Hebei Province.Methods Living Allactaga sibirica were collected with nest and placed in fuming-mouse tank full of aether,chloroform or petrol,rats and fleas were fumed to death without exception.Then parasitical fleas of Allactaga sibirica were identified under microspcope.Results A total of 3 families 7 genera 12 species parasitical fleas of Allactaga sibirica were discovered.The Ophthalmopsylla praefecta praefecta was most common dominant species of the parasitical fleas account for 36.6%,and Frontopsylla luculentaparilis,Ophthalmopsylla kukuschkini,Leptopsylla Pavlovskii and Frontopsylla are 9.68%,8.81%,8.72% and 7.91% respctively.Conclusion It is made clearly that the species,composition and seasonal fluctuation of parasitical fleas of Allactaga sibirica in Hebei natural foci.It provided scientific basis for further studying the prevalence factors of rodent plague and natural plague foci in Hebei province.

Objective To investigate the species and composing of parasitical fleas of Phodopus sungorus in plague natural foci of Hebei province.Methods To collect living Phodopus sungorus with nest,place in the fuming-mouse tank.Rats and fleas were fumed to death with diethyl ether,chloroform or petrol,then parasitical fleas of Phodopus sungorus were collect and identified under microscope.Results 13 species,7 genera,3 families of parasitical fleas found on Phodopus sungorus.Conclusion The Ophthalmopsylla kukuschkini is dominant species of the parasitical were,and Leptopsylla pavlovskii,Neopsylla bidentatiformi and Ophthalmopsylla praefecta pernix are the second.

Objective To understand the species,composition and seasonal fluctuation of parasitical fleas of Meriones unguiculatus in Hebei plague natural foci.Methods To collect fleas from living Meriones unguiculatus and its nest.The rats and fleas were placed in the fuming-mouse tank and were fumed to death in aether or petrol exception,and then the fleas were collected.Every hole of Meriones unguiculatus was prospected three times with wrapping-flannel rubber stick for gather parasitical fleas.Then it was identified directly under microscope or made slide sample.Results 16 species 10 genera 3 families of parasitical fleas were discovered from Meriones unguiculatus.The Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi was dominant species of the parasitical fleas,and then Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus,Neopsylla bidentatiformis and Frontopsylla luculenta.The highest flea indices on the body and in the nest were found in March and April.The rates of infected fleas and the flea indices were very different year from year,without obvious regulation.Conclusion It is made clearly that the species,composition and seasonal fluctuation of parasitical fleas of Meriones unguiculatus in Hebei natural foci.It provided scientific basis for further studying the prevalence factors of rodent plague and natural plague foci in Hebei province.